A detector should also be positioned by each bedroom. Install detectors at least 15 feet away from all potential sources of carbon monoxide. This way, the odds ...Apr 25, 2023 · The Kidde Nighthawk also stands out for having a simple interface. It has just two buttons: for testing the unit and to recall peak levels of detected carbon monoxide (CO), measured in parts per million (PPM). The digital display is a helpful feature not always found on carbon monoxide detectors. 23/10/2022. If you’re installing a new gas stove in your kitchen, the fear of carbon monoxide poisoning is a valid concern. Like most appliances that burn fuel to operate, gas stoves can release carbon monoxide. As you might be aware, inhaling this gas can lead to a variety of respiratory diseases over time. Don’t worry, this doesn’t mean ...Here are the things you need to consider when placing a carbon monoxide detector: You should ideally have a carbon monoxide detector on each floor of your house and definitely in the same room as any fuel-burning appliance, such as a boiler, stove or oven. Place the alarm at head height. This could be on a shelf or bookcase; it doesn’t have ... Jan 24, 2022 · The 3 different types of carbon monoxide detector are: Biomimetic sensor – When a gel inside the alarm absorbs a certain amount of carbon monoxide it changes colour which triggers the alarm. Some cheaper carbon monoxide sensors consist of just this colour change, but we would always recommend investing in one with an audible alarm.Nov 27, 2023 · Step 1: Remove the Old Carbon Monoxide Detector. We first need to remove the old unit from the mounting plate on the wall. It will likely either snap or slide off. If replacing it with the same model, leave the mounting plate on the wall and re-use it. If not, remove the mounting plate, as well.May 4, 2021 · Near or in furnace and water heater closets. Do not place carbon monoxide alarms in gas-fired furnace or water heater closets. This will help reduce nuisance tripping and when some of these appliances startup they will often burp a minor amount of CO that may trip the alarm. Secondly, many manufactures recommend that an alarm be 15 feet, plus ... Dec 18, 2023 · Best Carbon Monoxide Detector for Garages. Since I needed a few around the house, this allowed me to find the best garage carbon monoxide detector. Amazon reviews are a good starting point, but will only get you so far. Amazon’s top-rated units are the First Alert CO710 and the Kidde C3010D carbon monoxide alarms. To ensure your home provides maximum protection, it is important to have a CO detector on every floor. Six feet above the floor. Carbon monoxide detectors can get the best reading of the air in your home when placed five feet above the floor. Near all sleeping areas. If your CO levels get too high during the night, it’s important that anyone ...23/10/2022. If you’re installing a new gas stove in your kitchen, the fear of carbon monoxide poisoning is a valid concern. Like most appliances that burn fuel to operate, gas stoves can release carbon monoxide. As you might be aware, inhaling this gas can lead to a variety of respiratory diseases over time. Don’t worry, this doesn’t mean ...Where to place a carbon monoxide detector. Knowing where to install these detectors is vital to protect you and your family against this poisonous gas. Here’s …You should never place a carbon monoxide detector too close to a furnace. In fact, the further away, the better. The recommended distance when installing …The Best Carbon Monoxide Detector Placement for Your Home. Outside of each bedroom or sleeping area. On every floor, including the basement. At least 10 feet from the garage door leading to your home. You should also place a sensor in the room above the garage. At least 15 feet away from gas-burning appliances, like fireplaces or stoves.When installing an alarm on the wall, the top edge of alarms should be placed between 4 inches (100 mm) and 12 inches (300 mm) from the wall/ceiling line. When installing an alarm on the ceiling, place the alarm as close to the center as possible. In either case, install the alarm at least 4 inches (100 mm) from where the wall and ceiling meet ... Apr 25, 2023 · The Kidde Nighthawk also stands out for having a simple interface. It has just two buttons: for testing the unit and to recall peak levels of detected carbon monoxide (CO), measured in parts per million (PPM). The digital display is a helpful feature not always found on carbon monoxide detectors. Dec 7, 2016 · A typical life cycle of a carbon monoxide detector is 5-7 years, however it’s essential to replace batteries when necessary and test carbon monoxide detectors a few times per season. Make sure vents for the dryer, furnace, stove, and fireplace are clear of snow and debris, especially after snowstorms. Name: carbon-monoxide detector. Model: CO 06. Batch number/barcode: 5 990849 02681. Description: Carbon-monoxide detector with electro-chemical sensor. White plastic cover (diameter: 107 mm). product consists of two parts: A panel that fixes to the wall and a detector with test button and LED indicator.5 Sept 2012 ... Most online sources say carbon monoxide detectors should be installed outside the sleeping areas, but if you want to go the extra mile, install ...Apple just rolled out a feature that it announced in January that will send notifications if a HomePod hears a smoke or carbon monoxide alarm. Apple’s surprise January resurrection...Aug 19, 2021 · A carbon monoxide detector should be 15 to 20 feet far from the furnace to avoid giving a false detection. Placing a carbon monoxide detector too close to the furnace can trigger the detector to give an alarm anytime the furnace produces a small amount of carbon monoxide that is not harmful. If the detector continues doing that, it means it is ...Why carbon monoxide (CO) alarms don't need to be installed near the floor. There’s a myth that carbon monoxide alarms should be installed lower on the wall because carbon monoxide is heavier than air. In fact, carbon monoxide is slightly lighter than air and diffuses evenly throughout the room. According to the carbon monoxide guidelines of ...Like fire extinguishers, carbon monoxide detectors are a must for home safety, no matter where you live. They should be fitted in …The EPA has come to the rescue here, indicating that carbon monoxide detectors should be placed on a wall about 5 feet above the floor, but may be placed on the ceiling. Detectors with Digital Displays. Some modern detectors have digital displays, and they continuously measure carbon monoxide PPM. Even if the level is within …The best place to put a carbon monoxide detector in your home is near sleeping areas. If you are only able to install one detector, place it outside the main bedroom. Many carbon monoxide detectors can be plugged into a standard wall outlet. In multilevel homes, place at least one carbon monoxide detector on each level, including the basement. Jan 30, 2024 · Having a defense perimeter around your bedrooms will protect you from a gas leak coming from inside your home, but if you sometimes sleep with your windows open, you may want to install detectors inside your bedrooms so you have a defense from outside sources of CO. 2. On Every Floor of Your Home. CO can accumulate on any floor of your home, so ... Mar 30, 2021 · Mount detectors on the wall at least a couple of feet below your ceiling or even lower. Carbon monoxide often won’t rise all the way up to the ceiling (like smoke does) until the concentration of the gas is at a critically dangerous level. DIYer Steve Hoefer has been hard at work making every 6 year old's dream come true: A device that unlocks your door whenever someone seeking entrance taps out the secret knock. DIY...Carbon monoxide detectors have an end-of-life warning just in case you forgot to put the expiration date on it. The end-of-life warning is a loud beep or chirping sound every 30 seconds. Most people do not know what this sound is and remove the batteries from the detector to make it stop beeping, and usually, they don’t replace the sensor for ...When a story is split into different levels, an addi- tional smoke alarm must be installed on the upper level. Although not required, it is good policy to place ...How high should you place your carbon monoxide detector? Carbon monoxide detectors can be placed anywhere in the room. It is a myth that CO is heavy …A carbon monoxide detector can’t sense a leak in a propane tank, so homeowners could still be at risk because their detectors won’t alert them. Many homeowners look for a distinct odor, similar to the scent of rotten eggs, to determine when a propane leak is taking place. Other homeowners may be able to hear the subtle sound of propane ...Nov 28, 2023 · Best Places to Install a Carbon Monoxide Detector. Contrary to popular belief, carbon monoxide doesn't necessarily rise to the ceiling like smoke; it mixes with the air. So although it is best to fit them high up to keep them out of the reach of children and pets, carbon monoxide detectors should not be too close to the ceiling. You should also ...Even in smaller homes, installing only a single carbon monoxide detector fails to completely mitigate the risk of having carbon monoxide go undetected. Kitchens …Oct 30, 2023 · As you prepare to set your clocks back one hour, remember to check the batteries in your carbon monoxide (CO) detector. If you don’t have a battery-powered or battery back-up CO alarm, now is a great time to buy one. Each year, more than 400 Americans die from unintentional CO poisoning not linked to fires, more than 100,000 …Aug 25, 2023 · Just keep in mind that while the device doesn't need Wi-Fi to detect carbon monoxide or smoke and sound the alarm, it does need that to send push notifications to your phone. The Details: 5.3 x 1. ... This includes caravans. The Carbon monoxide detector must be placed close to, but not immediately above, any appliances. Because emissions are likely to increase with warm air circulating, having one fastened to the ceiling of your motorhome or on the end of the kitchen area cupboards would be excellent. It would be best to have a CO detector ... An alarm gives you an early warning about any carbon monoxide leaks in your home before they get to a dangerous level. Accurately detects low levels of CO in your home. Easy to set up, maintenance free and self-testing. The alarm is really loud, so it’s easy for the average person to hear. Five year battery life and manufacturer guarantee.Carbon monoxide detectors should be installed on every level of your home, including the basement. It is recommended to place one near sleeping areas to …Mar 11, 2019 · In short, you should place your carbon monoxide detector at least 15 feet away from your furnace and this same rule applies to all other combustion appliances. The main thing that you are trying to avoid here is false alarms. This is because combustion appliances, furnaces in particular, can give off extremely small amounts of carbon monoxide ... Best Plug-In Detector: Kidde Nighthawk Carbon Monoxide Detector. Best Lifespan: X-Sense Smoke and Carbon Monoxide Detector. Best Smart Detector: Google Nest Protect Smoke Detector and Carbon Monoxide Detector. Best Compact: First Alert CO710 Carbon Monoxide Detector. Best Portable: GZAIR Travel Carbon Monoxide Detector. Nov 16, 2022 · The CDC estimates over 50,000 carbon monoxide poisoning emergency room visits result in over 400 deaths yearly. Carbon Monoxide is an odorless, tasteless, and colorless gas produced when burning a ... An alarm gives you an early warning about any carbon monoxide leaks in your home before they get to a dangerous level. Accurately detects low levels of CO in your home. Easy to set up, maintenance free and self-testing. The alarm is really loud, so it’s easy for the average person to hear. Five year battery life and manufacturer guarantee.Having a defense perimeter around your bedrooms will protect you from a gas leak coming from inside your home, but if you sometimes sleep with your windows open, you may want to install detectors inside your bedrooms so you have a defense from outside sources of CO. 2. On Every Floor of Your Home. CO can accumulate on any floor of your …The best place to put a carbon monoxide detector in your home is near sleeping areas. If you are only able to install one detector, place it outside the main bedroom. Many carbon monoxide detectors can be plugged into a standard wall outlet. In multilevel homes, place at least one carbon monoxide detector on each level, including the basement. Nov 8, 2016 · Ultimate Guide to Placing Carbon Monoxide Detectors. 11/08/2016. Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless toxic gas produced by fuel-burning appliances. Carbon monoxide is responsible for an estimated 15,000 emergency room visits and 500 unintentional deaths in the US each year. Carbon monoxide detectors save lives by sounding the alarm when ... A carbon monoxide detector's sensitivity should align with Underwriter’s Laboratory (UL) safety standards. These specify that a carbon monoxide detector should alert you within 15 minutes if CO levels reach 400 PPM; within 35 minutes if CO levels reach 200 PPM; and within 90 minutes for CO levels that reach 100 PPM.Carbon monoxide is produced by incomplete combustion from cars and trucks, small gasoline power equipment like weed trimmers and chain saws, boat engines, gas and camp stoves, lanterns, burning charcoal and wood, and gas ranges, ovens, or furnaces. Tobacco smoke is a significant source of carbon monoxide in homes with smokers.An alarm costs $20 to $45. Less expensive ones are battery powered and can be wall-mounted with a couple of screws, while high-end models have a digital readout …Apr 9, 2018 · They should be installed at a horizontal distance of between 1 and 3m from a potential source of carbon monoxide - for example, if this is the ceiling, it should be at the highest point if the ...CO poisoning happens when too much of it builds up in the blood. Our bodies swap oxygen with CO because it binds to hemoglobin much more efficiently than oxygen. …Apr 28, 2018 · Its chemical formula in words is CO2. I often find that people do not realise this fact and will often call a carbon monoxide detector a carbon dioxide detector or label its supply as "CO2 detector" when it should be "CO detector". I am guessing your electrician thinks that any carbon monoxide produced will "fall through the gap in the loft ...Carbon monoxide detectors sound an alarm when they sense a certain amount of carbon monoxide over time. The alarm industry has agreed to a consistent alarm pattern for CO detectors. If your carbon monoxide detector senses carbon monoxide, you will hear 4 beeps and a pause. The pattern will repeat.Having a defense perimeter around your bedrooms will protect you from a gas leak coming from inside your home, but if you sometimes sleep with your windows open, you may want to install detectors inside your bedrooms so you have a defense from outside sources of CO. 2. On Every Floor of Your Home. CO can accumulate on any floor of your …Sep 10, 2020 · A carbon monoxide detector can best monitor your home when it has working batteries. Be sure to replace them with each seasonal time change to avoid issues with the functionality of the detector. Give it a Test . You should test your carbon monoxide detector once a month to ensure it’s properly functioning and receiving enough power. Carbon monoxide (CO) and combination alarms should be mounted in or near bedrooms and living areas, no closer than 20cm from the ceiling. If mounting on a ceiling please make sure it is at least 20cm away from the wall. Because carbon monoxide is almost the same density as air, it will disperse evenly throughout the air in a room.The IRC Code, International Residential Code, R315.3. “Carbon monoxide alarms in dwelling units shall be installed outside of each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms. …Dec 7, 2023 · Distance from Potential Carbon Monoxide Sources: Keep the detectors away from potential sources of carbon monoxide, such as fireplaces, wood-burning stoves, and fuel-burning appliances. Placing them at a safe distance ensures that the detectors accurately measure the carbon monoxide levels in the general living area. Best Carbon Monoxide Detector for Garages. Since I needed a few around the house, this allowed me to find the best garage carbon monoxide detector. Amazon reviews are a good starting point, but will only get you so far. Amazon’s top-rated units are the First Alert CO710 and the Kidde C3010D carbon monoxide alarms.Dec 7, 2016 · A typical life cycle of a carbon monoxide detector is 5-7 years, however it’s essential to replace batteries when necessary and test carbon monoxide detectors a few times per season. Make sure vents for the dryer, furnace, stove, and fireplace are clear of snow and debris, especially after snowstorms. 9 Jan 2023 ... A CO alarm is also compulsory when any fixed combustion appliance, including gas fires and wood-burning stoves, is installed or replaced. The ...Nov 28, 2023 · Best Places to Install a Carbon Monoxide Detector. Contrary to popular belief, carbon monoxide doesn't necessarily rise to the ceiling like smoke; it mixes with the air. So although it is best to fit them high up to keep them out of the reach of children and pets, carbon monoxide detectors should not be too close to the ceiling. You should also ...This means you do NOT need to install alarms near the floor. When you decide where to install a carbon monoxide alarm, choose a location where the alarm will stay clean and out of the way of children or pets. Placing Carbon Monoxide (CO) Alarms: One on every level and in every bedroom. For more information, read our guide, Proper placement for ...This means you do NOT need to install alarms near the floor. When you decide where to install a carbon monoxide alarm, choose a location where the alarm will stay clean and out of the way of children or pets. Placing Carbon Monoxide (CO) Alarms: One on every level and in every bedroom. For more information, read our guide, Proper placement for ...On each level of your homeOutside and near sleeping areas such as bedroomsIn the area of any major gas-burning appliances such as a furnace or water ...The best place to put a carbon monoxide detector in your home is near sleeping areas. If you are only able to install one detector, place it outside the main bedroom. Many carbon monoxide detectors can be plugged into a standard wall outlet. In multilevel homes, place at least one carbon monoxide detector on each level, including the basement.Jan 24, 2022 · The 3 different types of carbon monoxide detector are: Biomimetic sensor – When a gel inside the alarm absorbs a certain amount of carbon monoxide it changes colour which triggers the alarm. Some cheaper carbon monoxide sensors consist of just this colour change, but we would always recommend investing in one with an audible alarm.Reset your Carbon Monoxide Detector. Carbon monoxide detectors require a battery or wired power to reset them. Make sure a battery is connected, or the power is on before starting the reset process. First, look for a button called 'silence' or 'reset'. Hold this button down for 10 or more seconds. How high should you place your carbon monoxide detector? Carbon monoxide detectors can be placed anywhere in the room. It is a myth that CO is heavy …Carbon monoxide detectors are not expensive, so there’s no reason not to have one in your home. If you live in a rented property, it may be illegal to remove these detectors. However, when discussing laws, the only way to know for sure is to contact your local government. Sometimes there is a difference between laws and building codes.Nov 17, 2021 · The carbon monoxide detector should not be placed in a moist or dirty area of your RV. When you purchase a carbon monoxide detector for your RV, it’s critical to make sure that you get the right one. For example, if your RV has room for 4 or more people to sleep, you need a 12V carbon monoxide detector. ...Carbon monoxide alarms are essential devices that help protect us from the silent killer known as carbon monoxide (CO). These small devices emit a loud beep or alarm sound when the...How high should you place your carbon monoxide detector? Carbon monoxide detectors can be placed anywhere in the room. It is a myth that CO is heavy …Fireplaces Gas stoves Power tools Dryers Exhaust from vehicles Generators Does carbon monoxide rise or stay low? When placing your CO detectors, keep in mind where carbon monoxide gas …We recommend carbon monoxide detector placement at least 5 feet above the ground, but not at ceiling height – this gives you your best hope of catching rising, CO-laden air as quickly as possible. Do install a CO detector throughout the home. Each floor, including the basement, should have its own CO alarm.Aug 19, 2021 · A carbon monoxide detector should be 15 to 20 feet far from the furnace to avoid giving a false detection. Placing a carbon monoxide detector too close to the furnace can trigger the detector to give an alarm anytime the furnace produces a small amount of carbon monoxide that is not harmful. If the detector continues doing that, it means it is ...The project, called iBorderCtrl, uses "virtual border guard avatars" to ask passengers basic questions like name, age, date of birth and travel purpose. Airport security is an ever...This includes caravans. The Carbon monoxide detector must be placed close to, but not immediately above, any appliances. Because emissions are likely to increase with warm air circulating, having one fastened to the ceiling of your motorhome or on the end of the kitchen area cupboards would be excellent. It would be best to have a CO detector ... CO poisoning happens when too much of it builds up in the blood. Our bodies swap oxygen with CO because it binds to hemoglobin much more efficiently than oxygen. …The 3 different types of carbon monoxide detector are: Biomimetic sensor – When a gel inside the alarm absorbs a certain amount of carbon monoxide it changes colour which triggers the alarm. Some cheaper carbon monoxide sensors consist of just this colour change, but we would always recommend investing in one with an audible alarm.May 15, 2017 · A gas stove isn't vented (for combustion). It ignites or it doesn't. My point was that assuming things have been installed correctly, the risk of a gas leak or unignited gas is much greater than the risk of CO. So if you're concerned enough to put in a detector/alarm, it makes more sense to make it a gas detector.31 May 2013 ... Most Building Codes require a smoke detector in each sleeping room, in the hallway connecting the sleeping rooms and on each level of the home.Jul 20, 2023 · Additionally, make sure to test your carbon monoxide detector regularly to ensure that it is working properly. First Alert recommends testing your detector once a month and replacing the batteries at least once a year. In summary, a carbon monoxide detector is essential for safety while traveling. Sep 20, 2022 · Sensorcon is our top pick for the best car carbon monoxide detector. It is a professional-grade CO detector, manufactured for commercial and industrial use. But it’s also an excellent personal portable detector that’s small enough to fit in your car. The large digital display shows accurate readings from 1-1,999 ppm, and the alarm sounds ...The average cost for a plug-in carbon monoxide detector is just $30. With the average life of a detector being seven years, that $30 can get you through a lot of travel. If the detector ends up ...Nov 8, 2016 · Ultimate Guide to Placing Carbon Monoxide Detectors. 11/08/2016. Carbon monoxide is an odorless, colorless toxic gas produced by fuel-burning appliances. Carbon monoxide is responsible for an estimated 15,000 emergency room visits and 500 unintentional deaths in the US each year. Carbon monoxide detectors save lives by …Oct 30, 2023 · As you prepare to set your clocks back one hour, remember to check the batteries in your carbon monoxide (CO) detector. If you don’t have a battery-powered or battery back-up CO alarm, now is a great time to buy one. Each year, more than 400 Americans die from unintentional CO poisoning not linked to fires, more than 100,000 …
In this video, This Old House master electrician Heath Eastman teaches host Kevin O'Connor everything he needs to know about these fire safety devices.SUBSCR.... Ain't no rest for the wicked cage the elephant
Many different carbon monoxide alarms are available, including plug-in, battery-powered, and even radio wave-powered. Some are designed for outdoor use, while others are only for indoor use. This can make it difficult to know where carbon monoxide alarms should be placed. Distance from Potential Carbon Monoxide Sources: Keep the detectors away from potential sources of carbon monoxide, such as fireplaces, wood-burning stoves, and fuel-burning appliances. Placing them at a safe distance ensures that the detectors accurately measure the carbon monoxide levels in the general living area.Google is using accelerometers in an interesting new way, Twitter allows everyone to limit tweet replies and Mozilla announces major layoffs. This is your Daily Crunch for August 1...Carbon monoxide (CO) is a silent killer that can seep into our homes undetected. The importance of having a reliable carbon monoxide alarm cannot be overstated, as it serves as an ...Last month, JetBlue announced plans to become carbon neutral on all domestic flights in 2020 and offset up to 17 billion pounds of carbon emissions. And on the consumer level, airl...In short, you should place your carbon monoxide detector at least 15 feet away from your furnace and this same rule applies to all other combustion appliances. The main thing that you are trying to avoid here is false alarms. This is because combustion appliances, furnaces in particular, can give off extremely small amounts of carbon …DIYer Steve Hoefer has been hard at work making every 6 year old's dream come true: A device that unlocks your door whenever someone seeking entrance taps out the secret knock. DIY...A carbon monoxide detector will sense spikes in the gas levels whether you place it high near the ceiling, at eye level, or low near the floor. The reason is that CO is lighter than air, but the difference is negligible. As a result, the gas tends to diffuse evenly throughout a room. Follow the manufacturer's instructions for placement of smoke and carbon monoxide alarms. Locations include: On each floor of the home. In each bedroom. In each hallway close to sleeping areas; if a hallway is longer than 40 feet, place devices at both ends. At the top of stairways going to an upper floor.Carbon monoxide is produced by incomplete combustion from cars and trucks, small gasoline power equipment like weed trimmers and chain saws, boat engines, gas and camp stoves, lanterns, burning charcoal and wood, and gas ranges, ovens, or furnaces. Tobacco smoke is a significant source of carbon monoxide in homes with smokers.Alarms should be at least one meter away from these appliances. Similar to smoke alarms, don't place CO detectors in areas of high condensation and steam ...An alarm gives you an early warning about any carbon monoxide leaks in your home before they get to a dangerous level. Accurately detects low levels of CO in your home. Easy to set up, maintenance free and self-testing. The alarm is really loud, so it’s easy for the average person to hear. Five year battery life and manufacturer guarantee.The IRC Code, International Residential Code, R315.3. “Carbon monoxide alarms in dwelling units shall be installed outside of each separate sleeping area in the immediate vicinity of the bedrooms. …Here are the things you need to consider when placing a carbon monoxide detector: You should ideally have a carbon monoxide detector on each floor of your house and definitely in the same room as any fuel-burning appliance, such as a boiler, stove or oven. Place the alarm at head height. This could be on a shelf or bookcase; it doesn’t have ... Jan 30, 2024 · Having a defense perimeter around your bedrooms will protect you from a gas leak coming from inside your home, but if you sometimes sleep with your windows open, you may want to install detectors inside your bedrooms so you have a defense from outside sources of CO. 2. On Every Floor of Your Home. CO can accumulate on any floor of your home, so ... Central location: Install the carbon monoxide detector in a central area of the furnace room. This allows for the most accurate monitoring of air quality and detection of any carbon monoxide leaks. Mounting: Follow the manufacturer’s instructions to mount the detector on a wall or ceiling in the furnace room.Apr 18, 2023 · Follow the manufacturer's instructions for placement of smoke and carbon monoxide alarms. Locations include: On each floor of the home. In each bedroom. In each hallway close to sleeping areas; if a hallway is longer than 40 feet, place devices at both ends. At the top of stairways going to an upper floor. Watch this video to find out the facts about carbon monoxide and how to install CO detectors in your home. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest...Nov 16, 2022 · The CDC estimates over 50,000 carbon monoxide poisoning emergency room visits result in over 400 deaths yearly. Carbon Monoxide is an odorless, tasteless, and colorless gas produced when burning a ... .